European Commission
Proposes EU law, including the AI Act, payment services and financial data access rules, and oversees their application.
commission.europa.eu (official website)Source: European Commission: home page, checked on
Directory
Who shapes agentic finance
From regulators and standard setters upstream to protocol publishers, identity bodies, payment rails and sandboxes downstream.
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- Every entry comes from an official list or the body's own page, with the date it was checked.
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Regulators and standard setters 26
European Banking Authority
EU banking authority that writes standards and guidelines under PSD2, including strong customer authentication and secure communication.
Sectors: Retail banking, Payment service providers
eba.europa.eu (official website)Source: EBA: Payment services and electronic money, checked on
European Central Bank
Central bank of the euro area; supervises significant banks through ECB Banking Supervision and operates TARGET services.
Sectors: Retail banking, Corporate treasury
bankingsupervision.europa.eu (official website)Source: ECB Banking Supervision: Who we are, checked on
Financial Conduct Authority
UK conduct regulator; authorises payment firms and applies existing rules, including the Consumer Duty, to firms' use of AI.
Sectors: Retail banking, Wealth and robo-advice, Payment service providers
fca.org.uk (official website)Source: FCA: AI and the FCA: our approach, checked on
Bank of England
UK central bank; through the Prudential Regulation Authority it supervises banks, including their model risk management.
Sectors: Corporate treasury, Trading and capital markets
bankofengland.co.uk (official website)Source: Bank of England: Prudential regulation, checked on
Payment Systems Regulator
UK regulator of payment systems; sets the reimbursement requirement for authorised push payment scams.
Sectors: Payment service providers
psr.org.uk (official website)Source: PSR: APP scams, checked on
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
US central bank and bank supervisor; with the OCC and FDIC it issued SR 26-2, revised guidance on model risk management.
Sectors: Retail banking, Trading and capital markets
federalreserve.gov (official website)Source: Federal Reserve: SR 26-2, Revised Guidance on Model Risk Management, checked on
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
US charterer and supervisor of national banks and federal savings associations.
Sectors: Retail banking
occ.gov (official website)Source: OCC: About, checked on
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Independent US agency that insures deposits and supervises and examines financial institutions.
Sectors: Retail banking
fdic.gov (official website)Source: FDIC: About, checked on
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
US consumer finance regulator; administers Regulation E and issued the personal financial data rights rule under Section 1033.
Sectors: Retail banking, Lending and credit decisions, Payroll and HR
consumerfinance.gov (official website)Source: CFPB: The CFPB, checked on
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
US derivatives regulator; its Technology Advisory Committee reported on responsible AI in financial markets.
Sectors: Trading and capital markets
cftc.gov (official website)Source: CFTC: Technology Advisory Committee report on responsible AI, checked on
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Singapore's central bank and financial regulator; published the FEAT principles for AI and data analytics in finance.
Sectors: Wealth and robo-advice, Tokenised deposits and stablecoin rails
mas.gov.sg (official website)Source: MAS: FEAT principles, checked on
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Hong Kong's central banking institution; runs the Open API framework for the banking sector.
Sectors: Retail banking
hkma.gov.hk (official website)Source: HKMA: Open API for the banking sector, checked on
Bank Negara Malaysia
Malaysia's central bank and regulator of banks, insurers and payment system operators.
bnm.gov.my (official website)Source: Bank Negara Malaysia: home page, checked on
Central Bank of the UAE
UAE central bank; its Open Finance Regulation sets licensing and consent rules for data sharing and service initiation.
Sectors: Payment service providers
centralbank.ae (official website)Source: CBUAE Rulebook: Open Finance Regulation, checked on
Saudi Central Bank
Saudi Arabia's central bank and regulator of banks, insurers and payment service providers.
sama.gov.sa (official website)Source: Saudi Central Bank: home page, checked on
ADGM Financial Services Regulatory Authority
Financial services regulator of Abu Dhabi Global Market.
adgm.com (official website)Source: ADGM: Financial Services Regulatory Authority, checked on
Dubai Financial Services Authority
Independent regulator of financial services conducted in or from the Dubai International Financial Centre.
dfsa.ae (official website)Source: DFSA: home page (Wayback snapshot; the live site blocks scripted clients), checked on , archived copy
European AI Office
Commission body that supports the application of the AI Act and supervises general-purpose AI models.
Part of European Commission
Sectors: Lending and credit decisions, Insurance underwriting and claims
digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu (official website)Source: European Commission: European AI Office, checked on
European Data Protection Board
EU body that ensures consistent application of the GDPR, including rules on consent and automated decisions.
edpb.europa.eu (official website)Source: EDPB: The European Data Protection Board, checked on
Information Commissioner's Office
UK data protection regulator, responsible for how personal data is used, including by AI systems.
ico.org.uk (official website)Source: ICO: About the ICO, checked on
Bank for International Settlements
Supports central banks' pursuit of monetary and financial stability; hosts the CPMI and the BIS Innovation Hub.
bis.org (official website)Source: BIS Innovation Hub: overview, checked on
Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures
Global standard setter for payment, clearing and settlement; co-author of the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures.
Part of BIS
Sectors: Payment service providers
bis.org (official website)Source: BIS: Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures, checked on
Financial Stability Board
Coordinates financial regulators internationally; has reported on the financial stability implications of AI.
fsb.org (official website)Source: FSB: About the FSB, checked on
International Organization of Securities Commissions
Global body of securities regulators; consulted on the use of AI in capital markets and its risks.
Sectors: Trading and capital markets
iosco.org (official website)Source: IOSCO: AI in capital markets, consultation report (Wayback snapshot of the PDF), checked on , archived copy
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Intergovernmental organisation; several jurisdictions use its definition of an AI system in their laws and guidance.
oecd.ai (official website)Source: OECD.AI: AI Principles overview, checked on
Standards bodies 7
Internet Engineering Task Force
Develops internet standards, including OAuth 2.0, rich authorization requests, token exchange, DPoP and HTTP message signatures.
ietf.org (official website)Source: IETF: Introduction, checked on
World Wide Web Consortium
Develops web standards, including Verifiable Credentials, Decentralized Identifiers and Secure Payment Confirmation.
w3.org (official website)Source: W3C: About us, checked on
National Institute of Standards and Technology
US standards agency; publishes the AI Risk Management Framework and the SP 800-63 Digital Identity Guidelines.
nist.gov (official website)Source: NIST: AI Risk Management Framework, checked on
International Organization for Standardization
International standards body; publishes ISO/IEC 42001, a management system standard for AI.
iso.org (official website)Source: ISO/IEC 42001:2023 catalogue page (Wayback snapshot; the live page blocks scripted clients), checked on , archived copy
EMVCo
Develops EMV specifications for card payments, including EMV 3-D Secure for card-not-present authentication.
Sectors: Card issuing and acquiring, E-commerce merchants
emvco.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
The Berlin Group
Publishes the NextGenPSD2 API framework used for account access and payment initiation under PSD2.
Sectors: Payment service providers
berlin-group.org (official website)Source: Berlin Group: NextGenPSD2 downloads, checked on
Financial Data Exchange
Standard setter for US consumer-permissioned data sharing; the CFPB approved its application to issue open banking standards.
Sectors: Retail banking, Lending and credit decisions
financialdataexchange.org (official website)Source: CFPB: CFPB Approves Application from Financial Data Exchange to Issue Standards for Open Banking, checked on
Agent protocol publishers 9
The Linux Foundation
Non-profit that hosts open-source projects and foundations, including the Agentic AI Foundation and the x402 project.
linuxfoundation.org (official website)Source: The Linux Foundation: About, checked on
Agentic AI Foundation
Linux Foundation project that hosts open-source agentic AI projects, including the Model Context Protocol and Agent2Agent.
Part of The Linux Foundation
aaif.io (official website)Source: Agentic AI Foundation: Projects, checked on
Model Context Protocol
Open protocol for connecting AI applications to tools and data through servers; contributions are made under Apache 2.0.
Part of AAIF
Sectors: Tokenised deposits and stablecoin rails
modelcontextprotocol.io (official website)Source: Model Context Protocol: Specification (version 2026-07-28), checked on
Agent2Agent Protocol
Open protocol for agents to discover each other through agent cards and exchange tasks and messages.
Part of AAIF
Sectors: Travel booking, B2B procurement and invoices
a2a-protocol.org (official website)Source: A2A Protocol: Specification, checked on
Agent Payments Protocol
Open protocol for agent payments using mandates as verifiable digital credentials; available as an extension of A2A.
Sectors: E-commerce merchants, Travel booking
ap2-protocol.org (official website)Source: AP2: Agent Payments Protocol documentation, checked on
Agentic Commerce Protocol
Open specification under Apache 2.0 for checkout between AI agents, businesses and payment processors.
Sectors: E-commerce merchants
agenticcommerce.dev (official website)Source: Agentic Commerce Protocol, checked on
x402
Open standard for payments inside HTTP exchanges using the 402 Payment Required status; a series of LF Projects.
Part of The Linux Foundation
Sectors: Tokenised deposits and stablecoin rails
x402.org (official website)Source: x402: home page, checked on
IETF Web Bot Auth working group
IETF working group on cryptographic authentication of automated clients, such as agents, to websites.
Part of IETF
Sectors: E-commerce merchants
datatracker.ietf.org (official website)Source: IETF Datatracker: Web Bot Auth (webbotauth) working group, checked on
Trusted Agent Protocol
Specification published by Visa that signals to merchants that an agent is a trusted agent acting in agentic commerce.
Part of Visa
Sectors: Card issuing and acquiring, E-commerce merchants
developer.visa.com (official website)Source: Visa Developer: Trusted Agent Protocol, checked on
Identity and credential bodies 7
OpenID Foundation
Develops OpenID Connect, FAPI, CIBA and the OpenID for Verifiable Credentials specifications, and runs certification.
Sectors: Retail banking, Payment service providers
openid.net (official website)Source: OpenID Foundation: Foundation, checked on
FIDO Alliance
Develops standards for passwordless authentication, including passkeys.
fidoalliance.org (official website)Source: FIDO Alliance: Overview, checked on
Decentralized Identity Foundation
Develops decentralised identity specifications; runs working groups including one on trusted AI agents.
identity.foundation (official website)Source: Decentralized Identity Foundation: home page, checked on
W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group
Maintains the Verifiable Credentials Data Model, the format several agent mandate designs build on.
Part of W3C
w3.org (official website)Source: W3C: Verifiable Credentials Working Group, checked on
Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation
Operates the Global LEI System and the verifiable LEI (vLEI) for organisational identity.
Sectors: B2B procurement and invoices, Corporate treasury
gleif.org (official website)Source: GLEIF: This is GLEIF, checked on
EU Digital Identity Wallet
European Commission programme for digital identity wallets and electronic attestations under the European Digital Identity Regulation.
Part of European Commission
digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu (official website)Source: European Commission: European Digital Identity (EUDI) Regulation, checked on
UK digital verification services trust framework
UK government framework of rules for organisations that provide digital identity and attribute checks.
gov.uk (official website)Source: GOV.UK: UK digital verification services trust framework, checked on
Payment networks and rails 12
Visa
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo; publishes specifications for agent-initiated card payments.
Sectors: Card issuing and acquiring, E-commerce merchants
visa.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
Mastercard
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo; publishes an agent payments programme.
Sectors: Card issuing and acquiring, E-commerce merchants
mastercard.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
American Express
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo.
americanexpress.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
Discover
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo.
discover.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
JCB
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo.
global.jcb (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
UnionPay
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo.
unionpayintl.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
T2
Eurosystem real-time gross settlement system for euro payments; its closing days set euro-area settlement dates.
Part of ECB
Sectors: Corporate treasury
ecb.europa.eu (official website)Source: ECB: What is T2?, checked on
TARGET Instant Payment Settlement
Eurosystem service that settles instant payments in central bank money, around the clock.
Part of ECB
Sectors: Payment service providers
ecb.europa.eu (official website)Source: ECB: What is TIPS?, checked on
FedNow Service
Instant payment service offered through Federal Reserve Financial Services.
Part of Federal Reserve
Sectors: Payment service providers, Payroll and HR
frbservices.org (official website)Source: Federal Reserve Financial Services: FedNow Service, checked on
Nacha
Governs the rules of the US ACH network used for direct deposits and debits.
Sectors: Payroll and HR, Subscriptions and utilities
nacha.org (official website)Source: Nacha: home page, checked on
Faster Payment System (Hong Kong)
Hong Kong's instant payment system, launched by the HKMA; banks and e-wallet operators can participate.
Part of HKMA
hkma.gov.hk (official website)Source: HKMA: Faster Payment System (FPS), checked on
Open Banking Limited
Maintains the UK Open Banking Standard, including the read/write API and variable recurring payments specifications.
Sectors: Retail banking, Subscriptions and utilities
openbanking.org.uk (official website)Source: Open Banking Standards: API specifications, checked on
Sandboxes and innovation hubs 9
FCA Regulatory Sandbox
Lets firms test products with real consumers under FCA oversight.
Part of FCA
fca.org.uk (official website)Source: FCA: Regulatory Sandbox, checked on
MAS FinTech Regulatory Sandbox
Lets firms experiment with financial services in a defined space and time under MAS oversight.
Part of MAS
mas.gov.sg (official website)Source: MAS: Overview of Regulatory Sandbox, checked on
HKMA Fintech Supervisory Sandbox
Lets banks and their partners run pilot trials of fintech initiatives with a limited number of customers.
Part of HKMA
hkma.gov.hk (official website)Source: HKMA: Fintech Supervisory Sandbox (FSS), checked on
BNM Regulatory Sandbox
Bank Negara Malaysia's framework for testing innovative financial solutions in a live environment.
Part of BNM
bnm.gov.my (official website)Source: Bank Negara Malaysia: Regulatory Sandbox, checked on
SAMA Regulatory Sandbox
Saudi Central Bank framework that takes firms from application through operational readiness and testing to exit.
Part of SAMA
rulebook.sama.gov.sa (official website)Source: SAMA Rulebook: Regulatory Sandbox Framework, checked on
FCA AI Lab
FCA programme for AI in financial services, including the Supercharged Sandbox and AI Live Testing.
Part of FCA
fca.org.uk (official website)Source: FCA: AI Lab, checked on
Project Orchid
MAS project exploring purpose-bound money: payments whose conditions of use are set in the money itself.
Part of MAS
Sectors: Tokenised deposits and stablecoin rails, Public sector disbursements and benefits
mas.gov.sg (official website)Source: MAS: Project Orchid, checked on
BIS Innovation Hub
The BIS's hub for technology projects run with central banks.
Part of BIS
bis.org (official website)Source: BIS Innovation Hub: overview, checked on
Digital euro project
Eurosystem work on a possible digital form of central bank money for the euro area.
Part of ECB
Sectors: Tokenised deposits and stablecoin rails
ecb.europa.eu (official website)Source: ECB: Digital euro, checked on
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